The Media As A social Problem Essay Example For Students

The Media As A social Problem Essay Dan Thomas11-21-01The Media as a Social ProblemThe mass media plays a large role in modern society. Indeed, many have argued that people spend more time in mass-mediated interaction than in actual human interaction. The mass media, then, would seemingly be an excellent position to initiate social change, positively affect social problems, and help combat social ills that are considered normal patterns of behavior. Yet, the mass media has largely failed in addressing and helping to solve social problems. As seen through its presentation of the three major variables of race, class, and gender, the mass media has actually served to contribute to the social problems it covers, reinforcing them, and creating an inter-related cycle in which these problems continue. TV has become perhaps the primary vehicle that society receives its information and presents its values and expectations. One of the most important roles television plays is its presentation of news and information. What a stati on chooses to present as newsworthy can play a strong role in how people view their society and the world around them. Often, television news sources have followed a philosophy of if it bleeds, it leads, focusing on violence in urban environments. This violence occurs more frequently in black neighborhoods, resulting in what amounts to essentially as a steady, nightly stream of reports on violence in the inner-city by and among African-Americans. In this way, the television media plays a strong role in formulating racial problems as seen by the interactionist approach. With the constant display of these images two problems quickly emerge. First, the minority groups become subject to stereotypes as the images presented become fixed mental images and are exaggerated and applied to the group as a whole. Whites, according to this model, learn that minority groups are less intelligent, more violent, or generally less human. Additionally, the minority groups themselves can develop reactio ns that are turned inward and create a sense of hopelessness, despair, and self-doubt that can lead into even more sociological problems in the form of alcoholism, drug abuse, aggression, and crime. Thus, the images presented by television news help contribute to this vicious, self-reinforcing, cycle as the news they present help to continue and promote the problems and the stereotypes. We will write a custom essay on The Media As A social Problem specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Closely linked to race becomes issues of class. As those in minority areas are portrayed and viewed negatively a flight of capital and economic activity develops in conjunction with the stereotypes. Those with capital, typically white, avoid neighborhoods seen as violent or dangerous, and money is not spent or invested in these communities. Once this happens, the catastrophe of the inner-city increasingly becomes one of economic isolation more than simply of race. Jobs quickly disappear, and welfare reforms are doomed to failure without hope of potential employment. Once the welfare system fails the United States will further divide into two societies: one multiracial and reasonably prosperous; the other, disadvantaged and often dark skinned, living in semi-permanent poverty. As the inner-city minority neighborhoods become increasingly poor visvis society as a whole, it becomes increasingly likely that the members of the television news media will not come from this area of society a nd continue to promote the fixed images they have developed of these neighborhoods, perhaps ignoring other methods to present the problems of the inner-city. Thus, the two concepts of race and class are closely related and act to reinforce one another.While failing to contribute to a solution to the problems of race and class, the television news media has been much more successful in promoting gender equality. News features often show and expose problems important to women such as domestic violence, gender discrimination, and sexual harassment. Additionally, within the television media itself, women often fill prominent positions in broadcasting and reporting. This helps to promote the interactionist hope that gender symbols can be positively changed. The television news media, like the print media, have even made an effort to change language that can validate subordinate of marginal status based on gender. Print media is another important vehicle in which social problems are devel oped. As in television media there can be a large discrepancy in the types of coverage paid to issues of race, class, and gender. Newspapers, when formulating their reports and coverage, have focused heavily on the problems of gangs in inner-city minority neighborhoods. Reporters have been found to have devoted tremendous time both gang activity as well as community response to such activity. As a result, the print media has created an environment of great concern about gangs and gang crime in the inner-city. The gang problem becomes a constructed image with great power in public discourse. The fight against gangs can be used to initiate social control- even in areas where gangs are not a significant issue:Ironically, conformist juveniles are those most often affected by such control strategies, which take the form of curfews, dress codes, and rules of participation. Thus, the symbolic power of the gang metaphor lies in its successful application in settings where the gangs are rela tively unimportant or inconsequential. Whether it is used to justify or forbid a particular style of dress, defend skateboarding, or enhance a politicians prospects on election day, the gang metaphor is a powerful tool for conjuring up an image that can be exploited by a host of social actors in the quest for power and the negotiation of social influence. .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .postImageUrl , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:hover , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:visited , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:active { border:0!important; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:active , .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f08d8fbcbc8dfdfbee31714e21ebbfa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Code of ethics EssayThus, print media can actually construct a social problem and portray it is more prevalent then reality would actually suggest. Print media also has great influence in class and gender. By selecting ways in which to present a story on a labor strike the print media can help influence the success of one class over another, and how these classes are perceived. Additionally, as described previously in relation to television news media, and linked to the issue of race is that media can further the economic difficulty of urban areas based on their coverage. Finally, print media can also reinforce and influence gender patterns and constructions through their coverage. Film is yet another powerful form of media, acting to convey messages and platforms of those who may not typically be able to find a voice in the political system. Through film, these minority voices are often heard first and from there able to assert themselves on the wider social agenda. Films often have a smaller intellectual circle from which they are developed, enabling a single director, such as Spike Lee, to effectively present the agendas of many. Studios also often have economic incentive to develop films that provoke thought or are provocative. Film can thus play a pivotal role in presenting new perspectives on issues of race, class, and gender. Films such as Boyz in the Hood and American History X, have acted to counter stereotypes and fixed images of minorities. Additionally, films can act in a similar manner in order to promote class or gender issues. A film detailing the struggles of a homeless man, an influential woman, or even homosexual lifestyles can help dispel these constructions too. Of course, due to the variety of films produced it is possible that individual films may also have the reverse effect too. Film can cement stereotypes or caricature minorities in ways detrimental to social progress. Likewise, many movies use sex and violence in ways that play to the most base elements of entertainment that further contribute the problems with gender and class. For instance, research has shown that, males are considerably more likely to be depicted and that women, when depicted, are more likely to be shown in gender stereotypical and subordinated roles. Yet, while individual films may and do act in this manner, it is important to bear in mind that, when taken as a whole, film offers one of the few openings in which a minority voice can first be hears. A single film may do much to challenge the social problems that ten others reinforce. In this way, film, as opposed to the other forms of print and television media previously discussed, can and has acted as a more posit ive force in race, class, and gender as social problems. The mass media is important in examining social problems, both how they are born and how they persist. The media, through the selection of its coverage and the issues it chooses to present, is extremely powerful in forming models as explained by the interactionist approach. It is important to remember that these models of race, class, and gender are not mutually exclusive. Each, especially race and class, are closely related as stereotypes perpetuated by the mass media about a single of these variables often leads directly to social problems in the other variables as well. The three are also closely linked in helping to explain why media operates in the ways that it does. Helpful in understanding this concept are the other major theories of conflict and functionalism. Media may present information in the manner it does in order to perpetuate the social institutions and behaviors that have been functional for its existence up t he present time. Additionally, media can also be seen as operating in the manner it does because the system helps to keep rich, white, males- the primary owners and distributors of mass media- in a position of power. What both of these approaches suggest is that the mass media must be made more open to different perspectives and viewpoints in order to eliminate the social problems it contributes to. Modern society must strive to make all of its media outlets more similar to the genre of film, where powerful voices can emerge that challenge different viewpoints on society. When this is able to occur, the society around us will move closer to curing ills among the social variables that the current mass media in large part contributes to. Mass media, primarily print and television news has acted to perpetuate the social problems it covers. The mass media must be considered to be a large part of the problem in areas of race, class, and gender. In order to combat this situation the mass media must follow some of its own leads in making itself more open to different perspectives as it has done in film, and also challenging traditional models of race and class as it has with gender. Words/ Pages : 1,779 / 24

Emperor Charles III - Charles the Fat

Emperor Charles III - Charles the Fat Charles III was also known as: Charles the Fat; in French, Charles Le Gros; in German, Karl Der Dicke. Charles III was known for: Being the last of the Carolingian line of emperors. Charles acquired most of his lands through a series of unexpected and unfortunate deaths, then proved unable to secure the empire against Viking invasion and was deposed. Although he had control of what was to become France for a short while, Charles III is not usually counted as one of the kings of France. Occupations: King Emperor Places of Residence and Influence: EuropeFrance Important Dates: Born:  839Becomes King of Swabia: Aug. 28, 876Becomes King of Italy: 879Crowned Emperor: Feb. 12, 881Inherits Louis the Youngers Holdings: 882Reunites Empire: 885Deposed: 887Died:  , 888 About Charles III: Charles was the youngest son of Louis the German, who was the son of Louis the Pious and the grandson of Charlemagne. Louis the German arranged marriages for his sons, and Charles was wed to Richardis, the daughter of Count Erchangar of Alemannia.   Louis the German did not control all the territory that his father and grandfather had ruled. That empire had been divided among Louis and his brothers Lothair and Charles the Bald. Although Louis had successfully kept his portion of the empire together against first his brothers, then outer forces, and finally a rebellion by his eldest son Carloman, he decided to divide his lands, according to the Frankish tradition of gavelkind, among his own three sons. Carloman was given Bavaria and much of what is today Austria; Louis the Younger got Franconia, Saxony and Thuringia; and Charles received territory that included Alemannia and Rhaetia, which would later be called Swabia.    When Louis the German died in 876, Charles acceded to the throne of Swabia. Then, in 879, Carloman took ill and resigned; he would die a year later. Charles obtained what was then the kingdom of Italy from his dying brother. Pope John VIII decided that Charles would be his best bet in defending the papacy from Arab threats; and so he crowned Charles emperor and his wife Richardis empress on February 12, 881. Unfortunately for the pope, Charles was too concerned with matters in his own lands to help him out. In 882, Louis the Younger died from injuries sustained in a riding accident, and Charles acquired most of the lands his father had held, becoming king of all the East Franks.   The rest of the empire of Charlemagne had come under the control of Charles the Bald and then his son, Louis the Stammerer. Now two sons of Louis the Stammerer each ruled portions of their late fathers territory. Louis III died in 882 and his brother Carloman died in 884; neither of them had legitimate children. There was a third son of Louis the Stammerer: the future Charles the Simple; but he was only five years old. Charles III was regarded as a better protector of the empire and was chosen to succeed his cousins. Thus, in 885, primarily by inheriting land, Charles III reunited almost all the territory once ruled by Charlemagne, but for Provence, which had been taken by the usurper Boso. Unfortunately, Charles was beset by illness, and was not possessed of the energy and ambition that his predecessors had displayed in building and maintaining the empire. Though he was concerned by Viking activity, he failed to stop their advances, brokering a treaty in 882 with Northmen on the Meuse River that allowed them to settle in Frisia, and paying a tribute to an even more aggressive contingent of Danes who threatened Paris in 886. Neither solution proved particularly beneficial to Charles and his people, especially the latter, which resulted in the Danes pillaging much of Burgundy.   Charles was known to be generous and pious, but he had difficulty dealing with the nobility and was heavily influenced by a much-hated advisor, Liutward, who Charles was ultimately forced to dismiss. This, combined with his inability to halt the progress of the Vikings,  made him an easy target for insurrection. His nephew Arnulf, the illegitimate son of his eldest brother Carloman, had the qualities of leadership that Charles lacked, and in the summer of 887 a general rebellion flared up in support of the younger man. Unable to garner any real backing, Charles eventually agreed to abdicate. He retired to an estate in Swabia that Arnulf granted to him, and died on January 13, 888. In 887 the empire was divided into Western Francia, Burgundy, Italy, and Eastern Francia or the Teutonic Kingdom, which would be governed by Arnulf. Further war was not far off, and the empire of Charlemagne would never again be one cohesive entity. More Charles III Resources: Charles III in Print The compare prices link below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. The visit merchant link leads directly to an online bookstore; neither About.com nor Melissa Snell is responsible for any purchases you may make through this link. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire(Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series)by Simon MacLeanVisit merchantThe Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europeby Pierre Richà ©; translated by Michael Idomir AllenCompare prices The Carolingian Empire Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society The text of this document is copyright  ©2014-2016  Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/cwho/fl/Emperor-Charles-III.htm

Media Freedom in Pakistan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Media Freedom in Pakistan - Term Paper Example The focus of the study is given to how the media helped to restore the judiciary besides other benefits of the media freedom. The downside of this freedom and its limitations are also discussed in order to give a balanced picture of the impact and relate how free the media really is at this stage. Finally, an examination is made of how the media can help to make democratisation succeed. Officially, democracy began in Pakistan with the 1973 constitution after General Yahya Khan allowed the conduction of a free and fair election in Pakistan for the first time in 1970. It was a parliamentary democracy that allowed for democratically elected representatives to rule. Prior to that, his predecessor General Ayub Khan did allow the country to experience a ‘basic democracy’ under the 1962 constitution after usurping power, but it was rightly called a ‘constitutional autocracy’. Democratic institutions were still suppressed and a mass movement arose to guarantee the p rinciple of one-man-one-vote would be applied. However, the quality of the democracy in Pakistan during the last quarter of the 20th century has been questionable, and arguably it still is. It was again largely absent during Zia-ul-Haqq’s military rule from 1977 to 1988. Political parties were then allowed to participate in proper elections this time in 1988 but the transition to democracy has been a continuous struggle between the military and civilian organisations. In short, where some democratic practices have been permitted, they have usually been partial, controlled and incomplete under the rule of the military or else manipulated under the occasional civilian rule. The pattern that emerges from this brief historical overview is that the degree of democracy has been generally (though not steadily) increasing in Pakistan over the past few decades.

Mitchell v Glasgow City Council Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Mitchell v Glasgow City Council Case - Essay Example Unfortunate facts are common with most of the leading cases, especially based on the delict law. This is particularly true as seen in Mitchell v Glasgow City Council case. James Mitchell is a tenant under the housing local authority has a neighbor by the name Drummond James. Drummond becomes an antisocial neighbor, who ends up a total threat to Mr. Mitchell James. In December 1994, a conflict arose between Mitchell and Drummond due to issues of noise. At this point, Drummond went ahead to bang Mr., Mitchells door using an iron bar and also had the windows of the house smashed. This was the beginning of Mitchell’s horror with Drummond, who openly insulted him and at the same time issued threats to have him dead. James Mitchell suffered an attack from James Drummond. Mitchell suffered injuries that were severe enough to cause his death. The verbal abuses went on for a period of 6 Â ½ years. (ROBERT, 2009). He later killed him in 2001. It is at this point that the council of Glasgow took an initiative to have eviction proceeds against Drummond. Just before, the assault, Drummond got a summon from the council. It was then that he went back and committed the crime which took away Mitchell's life. Mitchell’s daughter together with her mum, Mitchell’s wife filed a case against the Glasgow council for negligence that resulted in the loss of Mr. Mitchell. The law does not impose a duty that is positive to have someone protect other people; and duty to have a person prevented from any form of harm emanating from any form of criminality on the basis of foreseeing its possibility. On the contrary, the harm that is foreseen is in it is not weighty enough to have the duty of care imposition. Therefore, this acted in the disfavor of Mitchell’s family. Ratio refers to reasons given to arrive at a certain decision. They offer a binding precedent that is to say that the courts under in terms of the hierarchy structure, have to follow the same in case a similar case arises and the same presented to them.

Federal Reserve Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federal Reserve Policy - Essay Example The weakness in the real estate markets has spread to become a system wide problem as sub-prime loans turn into toxic assets leaving financial institutions under-collateralized. The US Federal Reserve Board has been criticized for enacting policies that exacerbated the problem, or at least for failing to curtail the spread of the problem by its lack of action. The purpose of this paper is to examine the policies of the Federal Reserve Board during the period of 2006-2009 in light of the current financial crisis. The paper will find that the Federal Reserve Board policies during this period were prudent and appropriate, but failed to exert the political will necessary to address the problems that have arisen in the financial system that were due to factors that are beyond the Board's authority. By many accounts, the current financial crisis began in the housing industry and was fuelled by the twin problems on over-evaluation and high-risk mortgage loans. As the problem grew, financial institutions continued to make high interest, high-risk loans on property that had reached values that were unrealistically high. When the real estate bubble burst, many of these institutions and borrowers were left with assets worth far less than the amount due on the loan. According Bernanke (2008), "housing and housing finance played a central role in precipitating the current crisis. As the crisis has persisted, however, the relationships between housing and other parts of the economy have become more complex.Declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets are now symptoms as well as causes of our general financial and economic difficulties". Yet, could the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) have taken steps beginning several years ago to address theses ca uses of system wide failure Bernanke (2008) is very clear that the problem was "declining house prices, delinquencies and foreclosures, and strains in mortgage markets". In fact, the FRB was aware of these problems, but failed to enact policies to address these complex issues. Bernanke lists the first cause of the current crisis as the falling prices of housing as the real estate bubble burst. In a free market, asset prices will work to reach equilibrium. A bubble in any industry will eventually deflate in an effort to reach its true valuation. This was seen in the collapse of technology stocks in 1999-2000, and now has hit the real estate market. However, the FRB may have not been able to deal with this problem effectively. In retrospect, Stern (2008) states, "it is challenging at best to identify when asset prices have reached excessive levels, to build support for action once identification has occurred and to implement corrective policy successfully". There is a general philosophy in the FRB that the best strategy for asset inflation is a policy of containment and clean-up, rather than prevention (Stern 2008). In fact, the FRB's policy was "monetary policy easing and last-resort lending", which only deepened and prolonged the crisis (Blanchard 2009, p. 2). Asset revaluation is a political challenge, but is within the FRB's capacity. None of these actions took place, and the FRB continued dropping interest rates. While the falling interest rates were enacted to stimulate a lagging economy, other factors continued to prop up housing prices at unrealistic levels. When mortgage money is cheap, it creates more customers interested in borrowing and the demand for housing remains high. During the

Marketing Mixes For Coca Cola Marketing Essay

Marketing Mixes For Coca Cola Marketing Essay Sustainable competitive advantage is the focal point of a corporate strategy. It allows the maintenance and improvement of an enterprises competitive position in the market. It is an advantage that enables business to survive against its competition over a long period of time. A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices. Porter identified two basic types of competitive advantage and cost advantage. See (Appendix 1). When an organisation introduces a product into a market they must consider: who is the product aimed at, what benefit will customers expect, how does the firm plan to position the product within the market and what differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors. Kotler suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels, see (Appendix 2) The concept of the products life cycle is rooted in the fact that technology and consumer tastes take time to adapt to new products and are always changing. As such, when a new product is introduced, it takes some time to be widely accepted, at which point its sales and revenues will begin to grow. This will attract other competitors into the market, cause the market to mature. Finally, the market will saturate and decline as companies begin to introduce the next product, and consumers switch to that product. See Coca Cola product life cycle in (Appendix 3) Coca Cola the market leader in providing different soft drink products like Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta etc. there are no competitors in this sector. There good image makes the organisation more strong. Coca Cola is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialised in soft and fizzy drinks. They have created good image in customers mind, their image is reputable and reliable, which took them years to build and it has been one of the most popular soft drinks available. Their brand and logo are never mistaken, which is why consumers feel comfortable in purchasing Coca-Cola products. Coca Cola can market too many different segments. For example, Coca Cola can market to teenagers much easier than older people. Distribution in marketing acts importantly to attract customers convenience therefore; the system of distribution of an organisation can show the key ability for the organisation. Two types of channel of distribution methods are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing product by the use of an intermediary. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturer to the consumer. Distribution is beneath the group of place and therefore organisations build-up an accurate distribution method so that its easily accessible to the customers and it can improve possible sales for an organisation. See Coca Cola distribution channels in (Appendix 4). The Coca Cola Company sells its products by bottling and canning operations. The distributors reached the Coca Cola to the wholesalers and the wholesalers reached it to retailers, and at last the customers buy Coca Cola from retailer shop. If Coca Cola does not work on its distribution services and Coca Cola bottles are just accessible at their factories then consumers might not be enthusiastic to get them. Its more suitable for the consumer to purchase Coca Cola from a close by retailer as compared to getting it from factory. Therefore distribution system of an organisation can be both its weakness and strength. Companies make sure the availability of their products at retailer shops and stores where customers can easily purchase it. One of the aspects in the marketing mix is pricing. This part of the 7 Ps are the one creating revenue and which is also why it is important that an organisation chooses the correct price. Pricing is one of the most important elements of the Coca Cola marketing mix, which generates a turnover for them. Coca Cola can adopt a number of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are based much on what objectives the company has set itself to achieve, see (Appendix 5). Due to the availability of wide range products the pricing is done according to the market and geographic segment. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their pricing strategy is based on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is the direct competitor to Coca Cola. The first thing that the Coca-Cola Company must do is select the pricing objective they believe will be most effective in distributing their brand to consumers. Coca-Cola use market-skimming pricing to do this. They use marketing-skimming as there is a sufficient number of buyers that have a high current demand, also Coca Cola sets an initial high price and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. Coca Cola Company has adopted penetration pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. Coca Cola use discount pricing, where their products are often market down during sale periods and special occasions. Also Coca Cola use competitor prici ng, where to meet the competition pricing, their products pricing are set around the same level as it competitors. Promotion being a feature of marketing mix consists of communication among the consumer and supplier of that product. Promotional activities are important factor because, these activities are performed in order to awake and aware the consumers about the product and it cover personal selling, adverting, publication relations, sales promotion, direct marketing etc. An advertisement, for instance helps a buyer to get to know about the company and it is products, this can be done by bill boards, banners or posters. The benefit of advertisement is that it informs people about different products and services, their utilities, cost and other requirements. The disadvantage is cost because advertising is more expansive. Personal selling is where businesses use people to sell the product after meeting face-to-face with the customer. Personal selling is one of the ways to keep good customers relationships, but this method is expensive. Sales promotion directly stimulates sales. It includes trade shows, contests, games ect. The advantage is that sales promotion can help companies to provide right information to customers, also it encourage repeat purchases and customer loyalty, but the advantages are that it increase price sensitivity and it is generally for a short duration Public relations play an important role in promotion. It can be used to create a good image of the company for example magazines, TV or radio etc. PR is inexpensiveness of the cost, but it is hard to predict about the responses and it increase the risk. Direct marketing is where a company selling their products directly to people such as fliers or street advertising. It allow to target specific customer and it can be measureable, but it is hard to get as immediate of an impact when using direct marketing and it can be quite expansive. Coca Cola use many methods of advertisement and the company spends a significant amount of money in order to be seen on billboards, radio, magazines, television, and on the internet. Coca cola adopts a range of advertising and promotional strategies to create an increased demand in the market by associating with life style and behaviour and mainly targeting value based advertising. The Coca cola Company uses advertising as its main source of increasing consumer awareness. It mainly uses the television; this source allows the companys products to reach a large audience. Coca Cola also uses the radio as another source of advertisement and this is a cheaper source then TV. They also use personal selling. The company has a highly trained sales team, which acts as a representative of the company to the retailers. This strategy helps to maintain service and product loyalty. Marketing mix has three additional elements: People, Process and Physical Evidence People are one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service. This refers to the people who are in direct contact with the customer such as staff. One of the crucial parts in selling a product is the staff and its service as lot of people rely on a good service before buying a product. Example, the employees in Coca Cola Company have a standard uniform. The company specially focuses on friendly and prompt service to its customers from their employees. The employees are part time workers and full time workers. The process of the product is essential in marketing. This determines the capability of the product to supply the demand of the consumers. The process at Coca Cola Company is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Coca Cola has a number of processes which is involves bottling and labelling solutions. The most important stage that Coca Cola consider is control of the company to get products at the agreed time and good quality, and the last step they consider is, the selling of beverage for target customers of distributors. Physical evidence: This is an important part where consumers will base their decisions based on the service which intangible. Companies physical evidence is supported by signs, symbols and artefacts of the business itself. Examples of this would be the signage in Coca Cola which reassures the consumer through branding. Coca Cola Company is focusing on target market; when it markets a product it mainly consider on demographic and physiographic segmentations; where demographic segment before it markets it identify the consumer groups in: age, sex, education, race, and occupation, and in physiographic it divides the market into different levels as: lower class, middle class, and upper class to identify their customers. Coca Cola segments different ages. The company focus on whole population in the world, but young generation is the target marketed of the company. Also Coca Cola segments different income levels by packing. For small income people it has small returnable glass bottle, for middle people it has small non returnable bottle and for higher income people it has Coke Tin. Marketing mix for Diet Coke: Coca Cola developed a new product. This product is a diet drink by the name of Diet Coke. They have designed the marketing mix of product which is in detail below: Product: Diet Coke is a very fresh and tasty diet drink. This new and fresh drink is made to provide the consumers with energetic feel with taste as well. Diet Coke is available in different sizes of which start from 330ml 2L bottle. This drink is mainly for the female teenagers from age 16 24. Price: Price of Diet Coke is very reasonable as compared to its major competitors. Its 330ml bottle is for 65p and 2L bottle is for  £1.98 in Tesco. Place: placement has an important role to play in the products success and failure. That is why the company makes sure that the Diet Coke is place in such a way in market that its in reach of every customer. They have very strong distribution channel and their product is available on maximum stores in the city. Promotion: For a product of such high standards like Diet Coke it requires good promotional activities. For this purpose the Coca Cola Company have chosen following promotional tools: for advertisement the company have use different types of media like television, newspaper, magazines, internet and radio. There are some characteristics to a service such as: lack of ownership, intangibility and inseparability. Each of these taken into account when marketing a service, see (Appendix 6). A product is something which is tangible where as a service is intangible. A product is much easier than the service because after marketing and selling a product there is something tangible to be seen by the customers for they are satisfaction but in services they cannot because its intangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4Ps in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion. The Coca Cola Company analyse the major demand of their customers in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, Coca Cola Company focuses on the strength as well as eliminates the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customers demand as much as possible. Secondly, they focus on the pricing factor in product marketing because the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The Coca Cola know the nature price of selling products. Thirdly, the Coca Cola focus on place because place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, they create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers. The service marketing is generally use 7Ps which is extended from 4Ps by adding people, process and physical evidence. It is important for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Employing and training of staffs have good impact that is why the Coca Cola Company gives training to their staffs because most of customers will judge the quality of their service from staffs. Therefore, Coca Cola employ staffs that have good and interpersonal skills. The essay shows that marketing mix (4Ps and 7Ps) is a very important aspect of creating marketing strategy, also it is essential for a company to implement their marketing concept successfully. The Coca Cola Company develops their product or service to meet the customers needs and wants; then they seem into determining how their consumer going to receive the product and they consider direct or indirect channels of distribution. The Coca Cola Company will decide a price for their products that ensures a profit. Finally, they promote their product by using different advertising methods to attract customers.

America Attacked :: Essays Papers

America Attacked The United States of America has gone through almost every emotion in the book, but we will never forget the events of September 11. As of now, investigations are taking place across the nation. From anthrax to the Al-Qaeda, the FBI and CIA seem to be stumped as to where to look. The developments of the story on anthrax have not stopped President Bush on his â€Å"Life Must Go On† speeches, but it anthrax scares still have citizens in a frenzy. How to deal with anthrax, or basically the mental idea of â€Å"ohmigosh I can’t check my mail I might die† has its pros and cons since you can’t avoid checking your mail for the rest of your life, yet there is always that fear there. As for the new story about the Al-Qaeda, what is said to be â€Å"Bin Laden’s Web of Terror†, we only know so much as to what the media is giving. From what I’ve learned, the Al-Qaeda is similar to the stereotyped â€Å"MAFIA†, where Bin Laden has a network of followers all over the world in 60 different countries, where he has support financially and support from those who are part of his network. It is kind of like if Bin Laden says â€Å"go†, there will be someone there to respond. It is scary to think about, really, but I believe the FBI has to get moving and let the people know what is going on. How much of a threat is there? How worried should people be - especially since the holidays are just around the corner? These are questions I would like to be answered. Businesses all around the world are on a roller coaster right now, and nobody knows when the ride is going to stop, or more importantly, how and where it is going to stop. For example, will businesses be on the top or the bottom of the ride? An example of a re-opened business that affects airlines is the Concorde. Since the crash of the Air France Concorde in the summer of 2000, the planes haven’t flown. Now, the return of the world’s fastest commercial planes are back in the skies, but their only problem is, will there be people riding them? Over 50 million dollars has been spent on preparing the return of the Concorde, but some people are skeptical as to whether or not the business will do well.

Analysis Of “In Search Of Horatio Alger”

Philippe Bourgois’ 1989 article â€Å"In Search of Horatio Alger† takes a fairly sympathetic but nonetheless alarming look at the underground crack economy thriving in inner-city America. While he does not approve crack dealing or the violence it encourages, he demonstrates a solid grasp of why urban youth sometimes opt for this illegal trade, and he elaborates credibly on the â€Å"culture of poverty† idea scholars have debated for decades. After using a series of vignettes he gathered while observing the crack trade in New York’s Spanish Harlem, Bourgois segues into his analysis, which treats the crack economy like a business.He presents a context of socioeconomic change, in which well-paying manufacturing work has disappeared and been replaced by low-paying, poorly-regarding service-sector jobs. While many accept these, along with their exploitive conditions and low pay, others seek alternatives that seem less demeaning. Bourgois (1989, p. 626) writes, â€Å"These pariahs of urban industrial society seek their income, and subsequently their identity and the meaning in their life, through what they perceive to be high-powered careers ‘on the street.’† Though the crack trade is illegal and excluded from the mainstream economy, it nonetheless functions very much like a business and is indeed a sort of parallel. Not only does it provide sellers with income, but it also depends on control of designated territories (claimed and enforced through violence), has a clearly-defined hierarchy with bosses who collect receipts from workers on assigned shifts (and maintain discipline), competes for customers (also violently at times), and has an overriding concern for bottom lines.The chief difference, though, is the participants’ ethnicity (often black or Latino), their lack of education, and the heavy use of violence. Bourgois points out (1989, p. 632) that while legitimate businesses consider violence irrational and aberrant, within the crack world it â€Å"can be interpreted, according to the logic of the underground economy, as a judicious case of public relations, advertising, rapport building, and . . . ‘human capital development.’† Legitimate businesses use professional behavior, protocol, and nonviolent means of cultivating personal relations and enforcing their standards because violence deviates from their norms; in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods, though, violence is the norm and is highly effective. For these people, crack dealing represents a legitimate career not only because it is easy to enter, but mainly because it seems a viable alternative to the racial and social subordination inherent to service jobs.Bourgois rejects the notion that the urban poor are simply passive victims of a changing economy; instead, he argues that it is an active, advertent effort by the inner-city poor to create an economy that supports them and, perhaps more importantly, giv es them prestige, albeit on their own terms. They see no dignity in service-sector work and find independence, flexibility, and a respite from racism in this alternative economy. In addition, inner-city youth often encounter negative attitudes and have discouraging experiences in the legal economy, thus making crack dealing seem a viable alternative.Using the Puerto Ricans he met in Spanish Harlem as an example, Bourgois (1989, p. 626) writes that the urban poor are deemed â€Å"unemployable† and trapped in a culture of poverty, the existence of which has not been disproved after decades of scholarly debate. He adds (1989, p. 626) that â€Å"the media and a large portion of the inner-city residents themselves continue to subscribe to [the] culture-of-poverty concept. † Excluded by institutional racism, poor education, and troubled family lives, the urban poor are also beset by a changing economy that allows them to hold only menial, poor-paying jobs that offer little o r no advancement (1989, p.627). In fact, those who favor the crack trade view legitimate jobs with disdain, rejecting the system in ways that they believe it has rejected them. Bourgois (1989, p. 629) claims that because they are trained for subordinate roles by the educational system and offered only low-status jobs, such people sometimes react by developing a kind of â€Å"structurally induced cultural resistance† fed by deep frustration and anger. As he asserts (1989, p. 630), â€Å"The underground economy .. . is the ultimate ‘equal opportunity employer’ for inner-city youth. † Bourgois also implies that such feelings are understandable, especially given the fact that many in the crack economy had negative experiences in legal jobs, though he also concedes that not all of the working poor are automatically driven to illegal livelihoods. To his credit, though, Bourgois does not condemn the poor or claim that the socioeconomic system automatically drives them into lives of crime.Though the crack trade appears to some a viable alternative to jobs that earn little money or respect, Bourgois does not romanticize the crack dealer as a noble figure or excuse the crack economy in general. Instead, he condemns the effects crack has on inner-city neighborhoods; though a lucrative business, it is a destructive force because of the addictions it creates and the violence by which dealers create and maintain reputations. In his field work, Bourgois pays particular attention to the dealers’ machismo and alludes to the especially negative effects crack has on women.Though Bourgois claims (1989, p. 644) that poor women of color are actually more emancipated in recent years, since they work outside the home more than in past decades and are not as homebound as in previous generations. However, the crack economy puts women into an ugly paradox; those who attach themselves to the crack trade are usually hangers-on, attracted by the prospect o f money and drugs, and they often allow themselves to be treated more as objects than as people. Also, addiction forces some to turn to prostitution in order to support their habits, at the expense of their families.Few are allowed to become dealers; though Bourgois (1989, pp. 623-625) mentions one in his field observations, many are barred from street dealing because of their vulnerability to physical violence and, in a parallel with the legitimate economy, are barred from rising very far in this street economy. Women’s involvement is encouraged, but limited by the dynamics of machismo and the reality of physical violence as a means of building and maintaining reputations; they are as subordinate in this economy as they are in the legitimate one, albeit with vastly more damaging consequences in the former. As Bourgois explains (1989, p.645), â€Å"[The] proves of emancipation that has enabled women to demand equal participation in street culture and to carve out an expanded niche for themselves in the underground economy has led to a greater depreciation of women. . . .† Bourgois presents a credible explanation of why some of the urban poor are drawn to the underground crack economy. Their ambitions and energies, frustrated by social, educational, and economic conditions, are sometimes channeled into the violent, risky, but intensely lucrative crack trade because it represents, he claims, a sort of Horatio Alger â€Å"rags to riches† story for the post-industrial age.He does not demonize the poor as a whole, or even those who gravitate toward crack dealing, since he conveys an understanding of why they see few viable alternatives. On the other hand, he does not laud their participation in the underground economy; while he indicates the participants’ sense of rebellion and resistance against discrimination, he depicts the crack economy as a symptom of the much larger social problem of poverty without apparent escape or alternatives. The article also offers proof that a culture of poverty exists – the examples he uses paint a sordid picture in which the poor feel rejected by the establishment and thus create their own system, which is even more disastrous to their communities and lives. Bourgois, P 1989, â€Å"In search of Horatio Alger: culture and ideology in the crack economy,† Contemporary Drug Pr

The eNotes Blog 8 Ridiculous College Classes (that wed totallytake!)

8 Ridiculous College Classes (that wed totallytake!) *BEEP* *BEEP* *BEEEEEEEEP* Ah the charming chime of your 6am alarm clock, making sure you are on your way to first period, or your 7:30am chem class (what were you thinking in scheduling that!?). Perhaps your mornings would be a little less grouchy if you were on your way to study the science of Hogwarts or the mythical language of Middle-Earth. With the rising cost of education, you can’t help but think WTF to the following classes but we’re all secretly jealous we didn’t sign up for these literary electives: 1) A New Look at American Culture with The Hunger Games This class, offered at American University, explores the literary correlation between Panem, the fictional backdrop of The Hunger Games, and the complex American Society. It’s already super easy to see the comparison between some of our red carpet soirees or high fashion runways (Miss Universe, anyone?) and the glamorous life of Panem’s Capitol. I wonder if they offer class debate on Team Gale or Team Peeta (and what about #TeamKatniss†¦ she don’t need no man).    2) The Vampire in Literature and Cinema Interested in literary and mythological comparisons of Dracula vs. Nosferatu (and maybe the sparkly Edward Cullen)? Then sign up for this class at University of Wisconsin-Madison. Let’s hope the class is offered during the daytime and not after dusk†¦ in a basement†¦ or in a batty church belfry.    3) What if Harry Potter is Real? First of, let’s clear this upHarry Potter is real, and all our Hogwarts acceptance letter owls are just a bit delayed. But for the faint of heart or non-believer, head on over to Appalachian State University to discuss some actually very compelling questions: â€Å"Who decides what history is? Who decides how it is used or mis-used? How does this use or misuse affect us?† etc. But, like I said, I’ll see you all in Diagon Alley when the post office clears up this drawn out owl delivery kerfuffle.    4) The Science of Harry Potter To take it one step further, Frostburg State University offers an honors seminar of the science of J.K. Rowling’s magical world. You can even take your studies home with the required reading. 5) The Science of Superheroes University of California, Irvine offered a class exploring the â€Å"science† of gamma rays and spidey senses. They also explored what kind of superheroes might be imagined with today’s scientific knowledge. Maybe†¦ Counter Global Warming Man, or A Million YouTube Views in a Minute Woman? I’d also love to assume the professor was a strong-jawed, horn-rimmed glasses donner who mysteriously disappeared at the sign of trouble.    6) Mother Goose to Mash Ups If you ever wondered any of the followingâ€Å"Why did the London Bridge fall down? Is Rub-a-dub-dub really about bath time? Why didnt an old man live in a shoe? then this Occidental College class would be for you. Any class where a paper topic could be Together Again: An analytical analysis of society, race, and Humpty Dumpty is a winner in our book. 7) Far Side Entomology â€Å"If students can laugh about bugs, maybe they wont squash them,† Professor Michael Burgett says on his class combining the study of bugs with the beloved comics. Burgett’s students at Oregon State University learn science and appreciation of Entomology while laughing along the way a decisively effective learning tool. 8) Elvish, the language of Lord of the Rings Sevig thà » à ºan. If you had taken this class at University of Wisconsin you’d know I insulted you saying â€Å"you smell like a monster† and would have an appropriate response like â€Å"go kiss an orc!† (Ego, mibo orch of course). This class was taught by linguist David Salo, the actual person behind the languages for the films. How cool is that!?

Car Eu Essays

Car Eu Essays Car Eu Paper Car Eu Paper The single European act became law among member states of E Goal: To remove barriers to cross border trade Investment within confines of E Benefits: Increased competition corresponding reduction In prices Jan 1, 1999: SUE member states adopted Euro as common currency Benefits: Would make it easy for the European consumers to compare prices across nations leading to harmonistic of prices within Euro Zone Reason for Persistence of price differentials within EX. Since 1985: Block Exemption Clause: Regulations that allowed car manufacturers to restrict competition between car dealers. (Automakers dictated where a dealership could be located, to limit the number of brands that a dealer could sell prohibit dealer from selling vehicles outside home country) Block exemption clause was scrapped in 2002: European Commission Issued new set of regulations that encouraged competition within EX. market (came Into full effect In 2005) What are the sources of significant price differentials in the EX. automobile market? Resource of price differentials: block exemption clause. Due to this, the car dealers were restricted to carry a free and competitive business among them. This control on the dealers segmented the market through controlled competition which resulted In such a difference In prices of same cars within the European market. Transportation cost 2. Reasons behind the UK market being one of the most expensive car markets: Block exemption clause in EX. competition policy: Tight control and lack of competition among the dealers which will make their operation inefficient and costly. High costs of doing business in I-J. The purchasing power of the customers in UK might be higher than most other European countries. 4. What do you think will happen to the price differentials in the EX. automobile market under the new regulations set to take effect in September 2005? After the implementation of new regulations: Restriction by the companies on the lealer will be removed, thus enabling free competition and efficiency. The degree of price differentials will decrease in the European market. 5. What will be the impact of these new regulations on a) competitive intensity in the EX. automobile market b) Profitability of automobile operations in the ELI? 0 a. The new regulations shall increase the competition in the automobile market by remov ing control of the companies over the dealers. Due to the increased competition, their will be more value to the customers. The profitability of the automobile operations would depend on the ability to reduce production cost, innovate and reach scale of economies. If these parameters are achieved profitability would increase. B. 6. Which automobile companies will do best in the post-2005 environment ? 0 Post 2005, due to impact of new regulations, there shall be increase in the competition in the automobile market. Companies that would innovate, provide automobiles to the customers at competitive price, superior operation efficiency I. E achieve scale economies at the earliest would do best.

Watch movie . Identify and explain one ethically ambiguous activity Essay

Watch movie . Identify and explain one ethically ambiguous activity - Essay Example ate inside rented offices, apartments and con people off, their hard-earned money, including retired folks who are depending on their savings, to survive. The purpose is obtaining all the money through persuasion by sale on none existing stocks (Berardinelli and James, 23). The movie focuses on how con artists persuaded selling fiction stocks. The movie looks to provide viewers with an in-depth portray of stock selling making it end up like a lousy business. Seth one of the actors, who is a former casino operator in his own apartment at the basement, tries to amend the relationship with his father. His dad was disconcerted with the life that his son led. Seth lied to his family that he was attending college, yet he had been running an illegal casino (Ebert, par 3). He catches J.T Marlin who promises to make him a billionaire as long as he had the drive to work. Seth sees this as a good opportunity to please his dad that he never seems to please. J.T. Marlin has a brokerage shop, recruits other employees and assures them that he will make them rich (Berardinelli and James, 27). Seth is intrigued by the firm prospect of becoming rich and thus, gets to the extent of becoming a full-fledged professional stockbroker. He becomes so good that he does not need help from his resentful boss Greg. After the success and wealth in the business, things start to get bad. Seth realizes that he is involved in a fake firm of brokerage chop shop that sells stock options on nonexistent companies. He is worried of what his dad will think about him if he realizes the truth. Utilitarian approach has been used in the movie. This approach is objective, efficient and suited for business decision. However, it tries to ignore rights, justice and negative consequences and impacts the results. This approach of ethical decision-making suggests that ethical actions are those that provide the best balance of evil and good. This is evidenced from the conversation like ‘Greed is good’ ‘Lunch

UNIT 3 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

UNIT 3 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT - Essay Example er the treatment as directed by the physician as she is believed to be working under him and if there was any concern to be raised, it should have been directed to the physician and not discuss it with the patient. The nurse’s conduct could be justified under the patient advocate portion as she is believed to have been concerned with the patient views on the treatment. On the other hand, her conduct might not really be justified since she interfered with the patient-physician relationship when she discussed about alternative treatment with the patient without the physician knowledge. The physician while attending to the patient just gave her only one alternative treatment for leukemia and did not mention other alternatives like reflexology and the use of laetrile. Even though these alternative treatments have not been sanctioned by the medical community, they ought to have been discussed by the physician to the patient before he settles on giving him the chemotherapy treatment. All medical practitioners are legally and ethically obliged that they should ensure that before they settle in a particular treatment, they should have given adequate informed healthcare decisions to the patient together with a valid consent on the treatment. All the alternative treatment should include the risks and benefits in order for the patient to make an informed decision on the treatment. (Kerridge and McPhee, 2004) when the patient ask question on the alternative medicine but should be discussed every time the medical practitioner is discussing about CAM as the knowledge might be of significant to the patients. (Adams, Cohen, Eisenberg and Jonsen, 2003) It is immaterial that the patient made a decision to take chemotherapy treatment because her son had advised her on the treatment. For that case, the physician ought to have taken the responsibility of advising the patient accordingly on the alternative treatment for leukemia even though they had not been approved by the